|
Red Ruthenia or Red Russia ((ラテン語:Ruthenia Rubra) or ''ラテン語:Russia Rubra'', (ウクライナ語:Червона Русь, ''Chervona Rus''), (ポーランド語:Ruś Czerwona), (ロシア語:Червоная Русь, ''Chervonaya Rus'')) is a historic term used since the Middle Ages for southeastern Poland and Western Ukraine. First mentioned in a 1321 Polish chronicle, it was the portion of Rus' incorporated into Poland by Casimir the Great during the 14th century. Its name reportedly derives from the old Slavonic use of colours for the cardinal points of the compass. The totem-god Svetovid had four faces; his northern face was white, his western face red, southern black and eastern green. However, Black Ruthenia is west of White Ruthenia. According to another theory, its name is related to the Cherven Cities; some settlements in the area have names related to the color red (''cherv-'' root). Since the 14th century (after the disintegration of Ruthenia), Red Ruthenia was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Gediminids), the Kingdom of Poland (the Piasts), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Ruthenia. After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, for about 400 years most of Red Ruthenia became part of Poland as the Ruthenian Voivodeship. The historic Red Ruthenia, reaching Przemyśl and Sanok in the southwest, has been primarily inhabited for nearly a millennium by the Ruthenians. The first known inhabitants of Red Ruthenia were Lendians, with Boykos, Lemkos and Walddeutsche on its borders. Jews, Armenians and Poles also made up part of the population.〔"were mainly Germans, Poles, Armenians and Jews, but also Karaims, Tatars, Greeks or Wallachians () "Kwartalnik historii kultury materialnej: t. 47, PAN. 1999. p. 146〕 According to Marcin Bielski, although Bolesław I Chrobry settled Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' the settlers became farmers. Maciej Stryjkowski described German peasants near Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Sanok, and Jarosław as good farmers. Casimir the Great settled German citizens on the borders of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia to join the acquired territory with the rest of his kingdom. In determining the population of late medieval Poland, colonisation and Polish migration to Red Ruthenia, Spiš and Podlachia〔Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1992〕 (whom the Ukrainians called ''Mazury''—poor peasant migrants, chiefly from Mazowsze〔M. H. Marunchak. The Ukrainian Canadians, 1982〕) should be considered. During the second half of the 14th century, the Vlachs arrived from the southeastern Carpathians and quickly overspread southern Red Ruthenia. Although during the 15th century the Ruthenians gained a foothold, it was not until the 16th century that the Wallachian population in the Bieszczady Mountains and the Lower Beskids was Ruthenized.〔Czajkowski, 1992; Parczewski, 1992; Reinfuss, 1948, 1987, 1990〕 From the 14th to the 16th centuries Red Ruthenia underwent rapid urbanization, resulting in over 200 new towns built on the German model (virtually unknown before 1340, when Red Ruthenia was the independent Duchy of Halych).〔Kwartalnik historii kultury materialnej: t. 47, PAN. 1999. p. 146〕 == History == During the Middle Ages, the region was part of the Ruthenian Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. It came under Polish control in 1340, when Casimir the Great acquired it.〔H. H. Fisher, "America and the New Poland (1928)", Read Books, 2007, (p. 15 )〕〔N. Davies, God's playground: a history of Poland in two volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 71, 135 ()〕 During his reign from 1333 to 1370, Casimir the Great founded several cities, urbanizing the rural province.〔(Anna Beredecka, NOWE LOKACJE MIAST KRÓLEWSKICH W MAŁOPOLSCE W LATACH 1333–1370 )〕 The name ''Ruś Czerwona'' (translated as "Red Ruthenia") has been used for the territory extending to the Dniester, centring around Przemyśl (Peremyshl). Since the reign of Władysław Jagiełło the Przemyśl Voivodeship was called the Ruthenian Voivodeship (''województwo ruskie''), centring around Lwów. The voivodeship consisted of five regions: Lwów, Sanok, Halicz (Halych), Przemyśl (Peremyshl), and Chełm. The town of Halych gave its name to Galicia. In October 1372, Władysław Opolczyk was deposed as count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence waned. As compensation, Opolczyk was made governor of Hungarian Galicia. In this new position, he contributed to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Although Opolczyk primarily resided in Lwów, at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halicz. The only serious conflict during his time as governor involved his approach to the Russian Orthodox Church, which angered the local Catholic boyars. Under Polish rule 325 towns were founded from the 14th century to the second half of the 17th century, most during the 15th and 16th centuries (96 and 153, respectively).〔A. Janeczek, ''Town and country in the Polish Commonwealth, 1350-1650'', in: S. R. Epstein, Town and Country in Europe, 1300-1800, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 164〕 Red Ruthenia (except for Podolia) was conquered by the Austrian Empire in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland, remaining part of the empire until 1918.〔K. Kocsis, E. K. Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications, 1988, p. 84〕 Between World Wars I and II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic. The region is currently split, with its western portion in southeastern Poland (around Rzeaszów, Przemyśl, Zamość and Chełm) and its eastern portion (around Lviv) in western Ukraine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Red Ruthenia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|